Definition

The WHO defines IPV as any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm adults who are, or have been, intimate partners or family members. We restricted IPV indicators to parents aged ≥16 and their corresponding children to prevent misclassification of child maltreatment by the parents of younger parents.

Includes suspected indicators with coding terms mentioning historic IPV or maltreatment by an unspecified person. For instance, the “suspected IPV, NOS” indicator contains codes mentioning “[X]Maltreatment, by acquaintance or friend”,” Risk of non-accidental injury”, “Assault in the home”.

Indicator list

Code list

Intimate partner violence (2044 - excluding codes requiring algorithms)

Intimate partner violence (3281 - incl. codes requiring algorithms)

Implementation

ACE domain, Indicator(s) Rule-based algorithms Scrip/code*
Susp.IPV, Assault NOS (algo); IPV NOS (Assault and high-risk algo, 30/100 days) Include as IPV if assault recording co-occurs with any “high-risk presentation recording” 30 days before the assault or in 100-days post the assault recording. High-risk recordings are a composite variable of recordings related to parental conflicts, health visitors being sent to the home, nurse partnership referrals, superficial head injuries and bruises. We developed the composite variable using results from our systematic review.51 In the current study the algorithm showed PPVs ranging from 18%-30% of definitive IPV (derivation cohort).  
IPV, Assault NOS (algo), IPV NOS (Assault and preg. incident and CM algo, 45 days) Include as IPV if assault recording co-occurs with any recordings of a safeguarding referral, child protection recording, or definitive CM indicator, or “pregnant state, incidental” (marked in codelist) within 45 days of the assault. UK guidelines state 45 days is the maximum timeframe for an initial outcome following a children’s social care assessment from the date of received safeguarding referral (see point 82, “working together to safe guard children”).  

Publications

Syed S, Gilbert R, Feder G, Howe LD, Powell C, Howarth E, Deighton J, Lacey RE. Family adversity and health characteristics associated with intimate partner violence in children and parents presenting to health care: a population-based birth cohort study in England. The Lancet Public Health. 2023 Jul 1;8(7):e520-34.

Syed S, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Allister J, Feder G, Li L, Gilbert R. Identifying adverse childhood experiences with electronic health records of linked mothers and children in England: a multistage development and validation study. The Lancet Digital Health. 2022 Jul 1;4(7):e482-96.

Syed S, Ashwick R, Schlosser M, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Li L, Gilbert R. Predictive value of indicators for identifying child maltreatment and intimate partner violence in coded electronic health records: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of disease in childhood. 2021 Jan 1;106(1):44-53.

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Dr Shabeer Syed, Clinical Psychologist & Senior Research Associate

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